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Acrylates are found to be somewhat safe at very low levels. However, our
concern is that the repeated exposure of 6-8 hours a day and it's presence in
many things, including paints, could create an atmosphere that is high in
acrylates. High exposure did cause death in rats, and has developmental toxicity
so may be dangerous for developing infants and young children.
Dioxan (dioxane): In inhalation study, rats were exposed to
dioxane at levels of 0.15, 1.3, and 5.7 ppm (Pilipyuk
et al.,
1978). Frequency was not specified, but the duration is given as
“90 successive days”. At the end of the 3-
month exposure, increased SGOT activity at the two highest doses
and increased SGPT activity at all doses
were measured in the sera of the exposed rats. Rats exposed to
the highest dose also exhibited increased
urinary protein and chloride levels, each of which returned to
control levels during an unspecified recovery
period. Pilipyuk
et al. (1978) also report changes in the minimum time (ms) required for
an electric
stimulus to result in excitation of extensor and flexor muscles.
Although Pilipyuk et al.
(1978) consider the
changes to be a reflection of adverse effects due to exposure to
dioxane, Torkelson et al.
(1974) do not
consider the hematologic and clinical changes of toxicologic
importance. In particular, toxic
manifestations are usually associated with increased blood urea
nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase levels,
whereas these levels decreased in the Torkelson
et al. (1974) investigation. The
reason for the
discrepancies between the two studies, in particular the
extremely low dioxane exposure levels in the
Pilipyuk et al.
(1978) study, is unknown.
- Dimethylformamide...
- Chronic occupational exposure to dimethylformamide by inhalation has
resulted in effects on the liver and digestive disturbances in workers.
(4)
- Liver effects have also been reported in animals exposed by
inhalation. (4)
- The Reference Concentration (RfC)
for dimethylformamide is 0.03 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3)
based on digestive disturbances and minimal hepatic changes suggestive
of liver abnormalities in humans. The
RfC
is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude)
of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including
sensitive subgroups), that is likely to be without appreciable risk of
deleterious noncancer effects during a lifetime. It is not a direct
estimator of risk but rather a reference point to gauge the potential
effects. At exposures increasingly greater than the
RfC,
the potential for adverse health effects increases. Lifetime exposure
above the
RfC
does not imply that an adverse health effect would necessarily occur. (4)
- EPA has medium confidence in the study on which the
RfC
was based because, although it is a human study with the lowest
LOAEL, the exposed population was large, well-defined, and compared
with the controls, concentrations are not well characterized and the
exposure duration is relatively short; medium confidence in the database
because, although there are several inhalation developmental toxicity
studies, there are no reproductive toxicity data; and, consequently,
medium confidence in the
RfC.
(4)
- EPA has calculated a provisional Reference Dose (RfD)
of 0.1 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (mg/kg/d) for
dimethylformamide based on liver effects in rats.
- Dimethylformamide is embryotoxic in animals; reduced implantation
efficiency, decreased mean fetal weight, and increased abortions have
been reported in rats exposed by inhalation. In rabbits exposed to
dimethylformamide by gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the
stomach), decreased mean fetal weight and increased percentage of
malformed live fetuses per litter and increased percentage of litters
with malformed fetuses were observed in the high-dose group. (2,4)
| Effects
on Humans: Diethylamine is corrosive to eyes, mucous membranes,
and skin. Liquid splashed in the eye causes intense pain and
corneal damage, and permanent visual impairment may occur
[Hathaway et al. 1991; NLM 1995]. Prolonged or repeated exposure
to vapors at concentrations slightly below the irritant level
often results in corneal edema, foggy vision, and the appearance
of halos around lights [Hathaway et al. 1991; NLM 1995]. Skin
contact with liquid diethylamine causes blistering and necrosis
[NLM 1995]. Exposure to high vapor concentrations may cause
severe coughing, chest pain, and pulmonary edema [Genium 1986].
Ingestion of diethylamine causes severe gastrointestinal pain,
vomiting, and diarrhea, and may result in perforation of the
stomach and esophagus [Genium 1986; NLM 1995].
Acute exposure: Inhalation of diethylamine vapors causes
tearing and redness of the eyes, corneal edema, and the
appearance of "halos" around lights; irritation of the nose,
throat, and lungs, with difficult breathing and coughing;
pulmonary edema may also occur. Contact of the skin with the
vapors may cause skin irritation and dermatitis. Inhalation of
the vapors may also cause headache, nausea, faintness, and
anxiety [Clayton and Clayton 1982; Hathaway et al. 1991].
Chronic exposure: By analogy with the effects of other
aliphatic amines, dermatitis and chronic pulmonary disease may
occur as a result of chronic exposure to diethylamine [Clayton
and Clayton 1982]. |
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Non Identified Compound: Guess it could be anything, maybe
even extraterrestial. Hmmm, not sure why they could not identify it.
Diethoxyethane: Inhalation Cough. Dizziness. Drowsiness.
Headache. Nausea. Sore throat.
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